The Smythe Family - Rupert Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Smythe Family - Rupert - Essay Example From the family’s financial problems, it became extremely difficult for Rupert to adjust to the entire situation. Rupert’s situation can only be understood through highlighting factors anti-discriminatory practice and empowerment, psychological factors, health promotion and communication, multi-professional working and Sociology of health and illness. Anti-discriminatory practice and empowerment Rupert seems to be undergoing stigma and isolation in an attempt to deal with the family situation. Aymer & Okitikpi (2009) state that, feelings of stigma and isolation for extensive periods emanate from the fact that the individual has been through stress and depression. On the other hand, Parker & Penhale (2007) indicate that feelings of stigma and discrimination in society are the result of Rupert’s withdrawal symptoms from other persons in the society. It is justified to argue that Rupert is undergoing segregation from his friends of his former social class and findin g his way within another social class has proven to be an uphill task. Consequently, Rupert is developing issues with his social skills and perceives everything in society as negative. In response, Rupert cuts down on communication with his parents and is completely alienated from his family’s life. ... At the family level, Rupert feels that he is the ‘black sheep’ and leading a secret life; in his perception it is the best solution to his predicaments. Rupert should be empowered to go beyond his feelings of disappointment and act towards making his life better. Empowerment has been credited for its ability to direct individuals towards moving beyond their stressors to achieving their goals and objectives as supported by Jones (2004). Psychological factors Psychological factors are useful in the explaining of Rupert’s changed behavior. Durand & Barlow (2011) indicate that individuals are rational beings who have the ability to weigh options before embarking on any move. In addition, Shumake, Ockene & Riekert (2008) argue that it is almost obvious that individuals act in accordance with their own interests. The move by Rupert to alienate himself from his family is simply an irrational decision. Studies done by Salk (1914) on cognitive simplification process in dec ision making indicate, that most individuals are prone to error in making choices. In this case, it is vital that individuals weigh all options before making the final decision regarding dilemmatic situations. Salk also suggests that life is an error-making and an error-correcting process. Emotions, according to psychologists, play a great role in influencing an individual’s decision making. Schneider (2010) indicates that if a person is in a low mood, they tend to make unreasonable decisions that at most extreme circumstances can cost them their life. In this case, Rupert made has used poor judgment into making decisions that makes him more vulnerable than previously. He has in turn resulted into indulgence

Bank Competition and Financial Stability Research Paper

Bank Competition and Financial Stability - Research Paper Example Cross-border mergers and entry of foreign banks into the developing countries have been consistent. Consolidation leads to efficiency and scale economy arguments, but accompanying it rises debates regarding the stability (Cooper, 2008). Economic Theory comes up with ambiguous results about the structure of the market and the competitiveness and stability of the banking sector. Empirical findings also provide similar ambiguous results (Beck, 2008, pp 1). There are basically two thoughts relevant in identifying the relation between financial stability and bank competition. One, the completion fragility view infers that any competition within the market will result in lowering of the profits for the firms since competition decreases market power. Two, the competition-stability view infers that as the banks become more powerful in the loan market, they keep taking higher risks (Allen & Gale, 2004). This paper will therefore offer a critical insight into understanding the key variables of the relationship between financial stability and bank competition. Stability and Competition Detragiache defines banking distress as when nonperforming assets reach a significantly large percent of total assets, emergency measures are taken to assist the banking system and large-scale bank nationalizations take place. Honohan and Laeven tell how the financial crisis have spread all over the globe where both big and small countries have been hit. Failures of large international banks, which have branches in the small countries, have affected the developing economies as well. Bank stability has been measured in terms of levels or closeness to bankruptcy. Researchers usually use the Z-score which is measured by the sum of capital asset ratio and the return on assets weighted by the standard deviation of return of assets (Beck, 2008, pp 4). Another measure has been the non-performing loan ratio as an indicator of fragility. Both exclude actual bank failures. Bank competition measures i nclude market structure measures such as Herfindahl indices and concentration ratios which are crude measures. Next, there is H-statistic which measures the reaction of input to output prices. Lastly, Regulatory framework indicators such as entry requirements, barriers and other restrictions allow indications competition (Beck, 2008, Pp 6, 7). Theoretical predictions Theoretical models have reported contrasting predictions on the bank stability and concentration. Most theoretical models avoid making distinctions between concentration and competition and resort to one to one mapping from market structure to competitive behavior of the banks. Under this we have two hypotheses. Competition-Fragility Hypothesis: Certain models infer that less competitive banking structures are more stable and fragility is prevented by the buffer generated by the profits. It also creates opportunities for additional risk undertaking (Beck, 2008, pp 7-8). In a competitive scenario with profits getting squ eezed, banks take to more risk undertaking resulting in greater fragility. On the other hand, under limited competition banks have greater profit opportunities and do not resort to additional risks (Allen and Gale 2000, 2004). Another scenario where competition can impact stability in the interbank market and payment system. Perfect competition prevents banks from providing liquidity to banks hit by temporary shortages.

Outsourcing In The Hotel Industry Business Essay

Outsourcing In The Hotel Industry Business Essay Chapter 1 1.1 Introduction Outsourcing is the opportunity for the organization in hospitality industry and some others industry as well which can provide service and product for them and can enhance their profitability without producing things are internally. As an example Hotels can outsource their food and beverage, marketing process, HR process etc., from their outsource provider. By outsourcing firms can get more opportunity in the market to run their business in a better way.Becouse it can be really risk free and more productive in terms of the flexibility and availability. According to Fair and Shaw (1997) abstract, outsourcing can be defined as the process of acquiring an item that the company cannot produce internally. It engages delegating or replacementing an internal service or role with an external service which is provided by experts who are skilful in the condition of that service accordingly. In another way outsourcing is the way to operate a business with less management and operation risk and within a time frame. It can increase the profitability within the organization and can enhance the brand image in terms of better service and efficiency. Because when firms prefer the outsource rather than doing things by won they can get some more option and more trust and less risk which can make their service more effective and productive. 1.2 Problem Statement In the new global economy, outsourcing has becoming a central issue among expert in the hotel industry. Outsourcing is a method, which has been adapted by various companies to provide various services to customers and employees. Someone else, from an external resource, implements outsoaring. By using this method, it helps the company to reduce cost. Most companies use outsourcing/third party for better efficiency. Established company utilize this method to improve their service quality. Outsourcing provides specialised functions to help complete the task. In fact, many hotels are opting for the outsourcing business strategy to help the hotel business in keeping up with their rival hotel and the same time cut on their cost. In the research paper it discussed that the benefit of hotels outsourcing of HR and Marketing section. So, the problem statement is To what extant hotels are benefited by doing outsourcing -a study on Holiday Inn hotel. In the research work, the researcher must have very clear understanding of the topic or problem they are investigating. Without clear and sufficient theoretical knowledge it will become difficult to conduct any research work. For my research topic it is important to acquire theoretical knowledge about the functions of outsourcing in order to analyse the importance, impact and prospects of outsourcing. This research work could not be completed properly without collecting data and gathering information correctly and using them appropriately. A lot of text books, reference books, journals and reports were consulted to prepare this research work in line of the aim and objectives of the research work. The most important task was to get the primary data from the management team of Holiday Inn Hotel. 1.3 Research Question Its absolutely essential to develop a research question that I interested in or care about in order to focus my research and my paper .This study is set up to answer following research question To do outsourcing is a good idea for hotel business? Is Outsourcing more effective than doing things by own? How outsourcing can give some extra benefit for the organization? How outsourcing can reduce the cost and risk for the organization? What are the main reasons for outsourcing HR and Marketing process? How outsourcing has positively contributed to the financial position of the hotel? How correctly executed outsourcing can enhance the hotels competitiveness? 1.4 Significance/scope of the research This research can help individuals, especially decision-makers and planners, as well as firms identify the various components of outsourcing that can bring many potential benefits, such as cost reduction, performance improvement, flexibility, specialisation, and access to innovation on the business of hotels by utilising it. It is a fact that most companies are at under great pressure to take up outsourcing as a major competition. The Hotel Industry is one of the thriving businesses in the world. In fact, in this globalised world many hotels are opting for the outsourcing business strategy to help the hotel business in keeping up with their rival hotels and at the same time cut on their cost. For this case study I want to try to find out to what degree the hotels can benefit from outsourcing their HR process and Marketing process from the study of Holiday Inn hotel in Brentwood, UK. There are two types of outsourcing which is implemented in the hotel industry. This includes selective outsourcing and complete outsourcing. Selective outsourcing pertains to certain functions which are chosen for outsourcing, which can be the database of customers or accounts records of the hotel and etc. On the other hand, complete outsourcing refers to the whole function which is outsourced. Though hotels are recognising the importance of outsourcing, this does not mean that this business strategy is applicable to all. Outsourcing can be viewed as the process whereby activities traditionally carried out internally is contracted out to external providers. Outsourcing has become a significant facet of modern hotel management. As the market for outsourcing grows, it will have a dramatic impact on how businesses are structured, managed and viewed by owners, employees, and customers. In spite of fairly extensive coverage given to hotel outsourcing management issues, there has been limited academic research in this area. Besides, no specific accounting focused studies concerned with hotel outsourcing have been found in the literature. 1.5 Research Objectives The purpose of this research work is to examine and assess the effectiveness of outsourcing of the hotel. The main objective of this research is to examine and discuss the influence the outsourcing of the hotel and its impact on cost and benefits. This research work also aims to provide an insight of how important the outsourcing is to increase the productivity of the hotel. Outsourcing carries significant implications for a hotels cost structure and control procedures. In light of this, it is important that hotel accountants are appropriately equipped to play an active role in outsourcing decision-making and control. The objective of this research is to provide a management accounting perspective on issues surrounding hotel outsourcing management. This work outlines the many costs and benefits that should be considered when deciding whether to outsource. The objectives are as follows: To criticallydiscuss the effect and influence the outsourcing of the hotel on business performance. To study about how does outsourcing is managed by the hotel. To discuss and identify critically how it helps cut costs while managing outsourcing. To discuss about how it help compete with other hotels in order to cut costs and earn profits for the hotel. 1.6 Ethical Issues In preparing my research project it is important that I need to consider with the ethical issues that will arise when I was collecting data and trying to make communication with people. I also believe seriously the human rights and wrong of what I may be undertaking and the moral values and principles that guide my actions. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ I have done my communication section very clearly and sincerely for the understanding of the nature and reasons for my research, whom it may benefit and how, and what costs or risks are involved for informants. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ I respect peoples even they are not cooperate with me, or pull out from the project. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ I also tried to avoid, or at least acquire some ladder to reduce, pointless Destruction, hazard or false to the collection of people I was learning and working with them as well as sourcing embarrassment to them. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ I tried to protect the individuality of respondents where essential and treat them with respect. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ For the privacy I did not allowed any third parties access to sensitive information I may have obtain. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Regarding the confidentiality it was totally in memory contracts with the person, the group of people, or an organisation, about what may be done with their data. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Regarding the anonymity I can give the certainty that there was a require of identifiers vis-à  -vis information that basically indicate which individuals or organisations provided which data. Consideration of the above issues clearly I can take it very critically when I need to handle the responsive information. 1.7 Hypotheses Successful implementation of outsourcing can result in enhanced brand recognition and profitable for the hotels. Outsourcing can reduce cost and risk and can give some better feedback for the organization. Outsourcing can enhance hotels competitiveness Outsourcing can be a positive contribution for the financial position of the hotel Chapter 2 2.0 Literature review 2.1 Introduction of Literature review 2.2 Outsourcing Contract with two organization one is outsource supplier and another one is outsource holder . most of the big companies currently prefer the outsource process for their different type of service, such as call canter services, food and beverage outlet-mail services, recruitment process ,Marketing and HR process. Those processing can be handle by the supplier and outsource holders can trust them fully because outsourcing providers basically more careful and aware regarding their responsibilities. Knowles and also Davis .Lockwood, Pantelidis and Alcott (2008) define contract catering and food services management as operations that provide meals in outlets that do not have the provision to produce them. Moreover Coates (1971 cited by Wilson, Murray, Black and McDowell 1998:74) define a contract caterer as: An individual or company, who in recognition of financial reward, will undertake to administer, control and direct a specified catering operation within the guidelines stipulated by the [client] company. 2.3 Reasons of outsourcing Although the main objective of outsourcing is often cost reduction, many companies fail to realize any cost benefits. In particular, Gartner is predicting that by 2007, 80% of organizations that outsource customer service projects with the primary goal of cutting costs, will fail in that attempt. Part of the reasoning behind this statistic is the high staff attrition rates at outsourcing companies, sometimes as high as 80% to 100%. Combine this added cost from attrition along with the hidden costs of client loss due to increased frustration and its clear that an outsourcing engagement, if not careful monitored, can easily fail. Among the lots of reason of outsourcing some key reasons are flexibility, cost reducing, availability, good quality etc. All those factors are influencing the organizations of hospitality industry to go for outsourcing. It can reduce the risk management for the particular organization as well. Another important reason for outsourcing is the time convenience in terms of quick service. Outsourcing is an important phenomenon in hotel sector. It is changing from a tactical to a strategic perspective, with greater scope and relevance to the creation of competitive advantages. The opening up of hotels to outsourcing and strategic alliances improves individual competitiveness, but also has strong repercussions on destinations, especially those in a stage of maturity and requiring new approaches to improve competitiveness. This change in inter organizational relationships to a strategic perspective requires new theoretical and practical frameworks to make it easier for hotels to outsource their operations with greater potential for competitive advantage. 2.4 Outsourcing and organizational performance Outsourcing is attractive to senior management because it improves some of the Dimensions of organizational performance (Lilly et al., 2005). According to the survey, conducted by Accenture and the Economist Intelligence Unit, two-thirds of the respondents all of whom had been outsourcing a major business process for at least two years agreed that outsourcers who know how to manage the process can enhance their companys performance and achieve a high level of satisfaction with the results (Lacey and Blumberg, 2005).Gilley and Rasheed (2000) proposed that organizational performance in hotels improves for three reasons. First, an increased focus on a firms core competencies is an important benefit associated with outsourcing (Dess et al., 1995; Gilley and Rasheed, 2000; Kotabe and Murray, 1990; Venkatraman, 1997). The evolving literature on core competencies has been concerned with the make-or-buy decision that every firm faces. Should a hotel run its own restaurant, clean its own rooms and common areas, and trim its own trees, or should it outsource these tasks to vendors that specialise in catering, janitorial services and grounds keeping (Espino-RodrÄ ±Ã‚ ´guez and Padro ´n-Robaina, 2005; Taylor, 2005; Walker and Weber, 1987)? Ronald Coase (1937) first tackled this question 70 years ago in a classic article. His broad argument was similar to Adam Smiths: if an outside party can do the work more efficiently and inexpensively than can the firm itself, then the outside party ought to do it: if the firms employees can do the job better, then the work ought to remain in-house (Bahli, 2002; Espino-RodrÄ ±Ã‚ ´guez and Padro ´n-Robaina, 2005; Taylor, 2005). 2.5 Conclusion of literature review There are a number of studies that focus on explaining the effect of outsourcing. Abraham and Taylor (1996) find that firms contract out services with the objectives of smoothing production cycles and benefiting from specialisation. Raa and Wolff (2001) find a positive association between the rate of outsourcing and productivity growth (Jiang and Qureshi, 2006). Elmuti (2003) also provided support for empirical evidence for an outsourcing-productivity relationship. He found that outsourcing accounted for about 40 per cent of the variance in productivity. Many outsourcing studies in hospitality industry debate the advantages and disadvantages contractor catering and food service management operations. This research critically discuses to what extent hotels can benefit from outsourcing their food and beverage operation. A hotel may benefit from outsourcing their Food and beverage facility because managers can focus on their core competency. Also, it brings to the hotels external suppliers investment and with it innovation at minimum financial risk. For this reasons hotels are likely to gain better competitive advantage. Chapter 3 3.0 Methodology 3.1 The nature of study In light of the substantial international literature describing hotel outsourcing, it appears that outsourcing in hotels is relatively limited. Like there are some key sections for outsourcing for the hotel Industry those are HR process, marketing and pay roll. 3.2 Source of Data and Data Collection Procedure The research has been conducted with primary data. For the primary data collection process I used the qualitative date collection process which is interview base. For my study I chose structure interview and prepared a list of question. Based on my question I have done my interview through asking question step by step which helped me to get result very clearly. 3.3 Population and Sample Size of this Study Holiday Inn is the UKs largest and fastest-growing hotel brand with over 580 budget hotels and more than 40,000 rooms across the UK and Ireland And from all of them my research area is Holiday Inn Brentwood, UK, were considered as the population for this study. From the management team 8 to 10 were selected as the respondents for collecting the data for my research. The responses of the respondents interviewed were analysed to gain insights into qualitative aspects of the outsourcing activities used by their firms. Qualitative analysis of the collected data from the respondents firms has been made. 3.4 Interview Question The research data were collected using Interview Question. At first a request letter were e-mailed to all the operation management team of the Holiday Inn Hotel , a population of more than 8 team members in total. In all, 3 responses were received, representing a response rate of over 40%. And finally got the appointment for the interview with the Operation Manager of Holiday Inn Hotel and two of the members from their management team. Non-response bias may also possibly have affected the results. Respondents were asked to answer their question step by step .interview question was divided into three sections, each of which is detailed below. A copy of the questionnaire is included as Appendix 2. Interview with Operation Manager It was a face to face interview and the time period was one hour. There was a sample question which contains 3 sections. All regarding outsourcing of Holiday Inn hotel. First section was regarding outsourcing functions and benefits; second section was regarding the suppliers and quality of outsourcing and the third section was the opinion part of the respondent. Interview with the management team members It was also a face to face group interview with two management team members. It was more than 30 munities discussion and was a very effective session for my research. Location The interviews were in Holiday Inn Brentwood M25, Jct.28, and Brook Street, Brentwood, CM14 5NF United Kingdom. Other details The research was conducted between 5th December and 6th December 2010.Respondant was Ujjal Chwdhury the operation Manager, Ashfaq Khan and Azaz Bhimani the management team members.The researcher is Farhana Sorker. 4.0 Finding and Analysis 4.1 Background of the organization The first Holiday Inn opened in  Memphis,Tennessee  in  1952. The chain was established to provide inexpensive accommodations for families and travelers within the US. It was acquired by the Intercontinental Hotels Group  (IGH) in  1990. In October  2007, IHG announced a worldwide relaunch of the Holiday Inn brand including a redesigned welcome experience along with signature bedding and bathroom products. Included within the Holiday Inn brand is  Holiday Inn Express, a mid-priced chain of express hotels which focuses on value and convenience for business travelers who dont require more than the most standard amenities. 4.1.1 Brand Image of Holiday Inn Hotel One of the worlds most recognised hotel brands with a global reputation for service, comfort and value. Holiday Inn offer todays business and leisure travellers dependability, friendly service and modern attractive facilities at an excellent value and at convenient locations throughout the world. Since 1952 Holiday Inn Hotels have provided the services business travellers need, while also offering leisure travelers a comfortable, casual atmosphere where they can relax. And now, a global relaunch of the Holiday Inn brand family is in its final stages and is expected to be complete by the end of 2010. The relaunch will improve quality and service levels, and drive consistency, creating a new, more contemporary brand image at all Holiday Inn hotels around the world. 4.2 Summary of findings 4.2.1 Outsourcing Function in Holiday Inn Hotel Holiday Inn Hotel working with Hcareers to outsource their recruitment process which is basically working for their workforce. Hcareers have a very good image in the market as a outsource provider.And they are providing the accurate one in the accurate place for theorganization.Currently Hcareers operating their business among three countries, those are US which is Hcareers.com , Canada which is Hcareer.ca and Hcareers.co.uk in United Kingdom. And all are working for the hospitality related organization. Who are looking for the job in the hospitality sector they can go and open the page and can apply over their. Hcareers trying to provide more flexible system for the job seeker. According to the operation manager of Holiday Inn Hotel it is clear that they are really happy with Hcareers service and they are getting the right person in the right place for their organization. Also they are working with caters.com for their outsourcing And for their marketing process they are using HS company and getting all the services for their promotion process. 4.2.2 Benefits of Outsourcing Outsourcing is the exercise of getting service from outside firms to maintain work usually performed within an organization which can be a familiar concept. Holiday Inn currently outsources their recruitment processing and marketing as well. Most of organization do not concern about the benefits of outsourcing. Outsourcing can reduce cost and save money, which can be a big reason to go for outsourcing but there are some more reason as well .outsourcing can reduce the management risk for the organization and can give a financial support as well. Flexibility and availability of service or product is an good example as well. And Holiday Inn is one of the companies getting the following benefits from the outsourcing. Control capital costs:  reducing cost for the organization is not only the good point to outsourcing but also it is a really major factor. Outsourcing exchange fixed expenditure into changeable expenditure, which can make complimentary assets for savings somewhere else in their industry, and allows them to stay away from huge expenditures in the early phases of their business. Outsourcing also makes their organization more attractive for the investors, since they are able to drive extra assets in a straight line into revenue-producing performance. Increase efficiency:  Doing everything by own the companies need to follow some more investigate, expansion, promotion, and delivery charge. Thats why Holiday Inn decides to do the outsourcing process. By outsourcing they are getting more efficiency in their business. Reduce labour costs.  Maintaining the HR department by own can be very costly for an organization, and its also heard to get feedback on right time by the temporary employees. So that Hiloday Inn working with Hcarear and caters.com and this Outsourcing by which they can focus their human resources where they require them mainly. Start new projects quickly.  Holiday Inn getting the best service and facilities from their outsourcing firms. Because of the flexibility, efficiency and availability they can start a new project within a very short time and can get the services from their outsource providers as their requirement. Focus on your core business.  All organization has restricted capital, and all managers has inadequate time and concentration which is not different for Holiday Inn. Outsourcing helping them for their business to move its focal point from tangential performance toward work that hand out the customers outsourcing helpful for managers to place their precedences extra evidently. Reduce risk.  All business has some risk and they have to face it when they operate their business. Every thing can change very quickly in this world .Outsourcing providers take for granted and handle this risk for the Holiday Inn Hotel, which normally a large amount better for come to a decision how to avoid risk in their section of proficiency. 4.2.3 Suppliers Hcareer and caters.com and HS company are the outsource suppliers for Holiday Inn Hotel.Hcareer and Caters.com is for their recruitment process and HS Company is for Marketing strategy. 4.2.4 Quality maintain by outsourcing The Product Specification Quality Requirements (PSQRà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢),The ultimate goal of The PSQR is to act as a central point to assemble, share and verify critical information related to the product. The Product Specification (PS) details the products bill of materials, packaging and other physical components and their assembly or relationship together. The Quality Requirements (QR) details what is expected from the product in terms of appearance, workmanship, performance, testing and packaging. Together they form the complete PSQR, which becomes a controlled document, and becomes the marching orders for the Quality Team at the outsourced manufacturers facility to see that the product produced and shipped is equivalent to everything outlined and detailed in the PSQR. Typically, the development of the PSQR is a cumulative and additive process with a focus on continuous improvements over a reasonable amount of time. Team involvement is essential to make the PSQR comprehensive and relevant for all users. Seldom is it perfect from the start. It is only after considerable c ontributions and sharing / debating by various personalities and disciplines within the system that a PSQR can be at its peak of usefulness and relevance. All participants in the PSQR development process must pay very close attention to details to ensure success. The following template has been developed and refined over a number of years in practice of managing the quality of products at outsourced suppliers facilities. Designed to be prepared in close collaboration with the outsourced supplier it presents a standard format for compiling the Product Specifications and Quality Requirements and may easily be adapted to meet special requirements as needed. In this way Holiday Inn getting the more quality service from their supplier and controlling the quality of their company. 5.0 Recommendation The key things for outsourcing that have to have a good negotiation power when an organization decide to do any outsource, need to have a right people in contract respect to details to be actually tern on the negotiation basis and the contract need to be actually followed up so ether way in terms of breach of contact than both party should know in respect of what is can do things and what cant do things in respect to the both of the organization (Outsourcing provider and outsourcing holder) to help. And the same time the cost element effect organization can subsidise quite a lot because the delivery will be on time. So based on that its better for organization to move forward and to get a better product and resource its better to go for outsourcing. 6.0 Conclusion At the end of this research it clearly understandable that hotels are really benefited by doing outsourcing in terms of management risk and cost quality control process. It can enhance the hotels competitiveness and can reduce the operational risk which indicate that outsourcing has positively contributed to the financial position of the hotel. By outsourcing when an organization can get more benefit rather than doing things by own, so it can be happen that most organizations are really dependent on outsourcing. From the hospitality industry hotels are like Holiday Inn hotel getting a big amount benefit which is helping them to operate their business very frequently with a good quality and assured them to keep the business for long time. By this kind of facility organization can achieve their goal on time.

Maggies Ozymandias Essay -- Analysis, Percy Shelley

In developing an insightful central theme, Percy Shelley avails of two potent literary tools, imagery and irony, to jolt readers with a striking epiphany. Imagery for one, navigates the audience to what is truly emphasized in the poem: literary art as opposed to physical, plastic art. It also serves to characterize a key figure in the poem—Ozymandias—whom is ascribed as having cold, arrogant, and pretentious qualities. The speaker juxtaposes the words inscribed on the pedestal with the image of dilapidated monuments and the bare boundless sands which surround it. When these two vivid descriptions contrast, the visual imagery, through this juxtaposition, actually buttresses situational irony. In fact, situational irony dominates and governs the reader’s very impression of the former pharaoh at the conclusion of the poem; worn down and disintegrated, Ozymandias’ monument portrays an image of wreckage and unimportance; whereas, the poem itself portrays an i mage, which withstanding time, has successfully attempted what Ozymandias himself desired: everlasting fame and a lasting legacy. By using imagery and irony, Shelley conveys the idea that poetical verses, linguistic expressions, and literary legacies outlast those of monumental and architectural form. Interestingly enough, Shelley employs the phrase â€Å"antique land† (1) to start out; the diction in this instance highlights the setting, and our perspective of time, for antiquity denotes the belonging to the past and not being modern. The style in which the poem is rendered is reminiscent of a folk tale’s recital since we are told the story through an obscure traveller and the reader is naturally drawn into the mysticism and mystery. However, in this way, Shelley distances the audie... ...initely. So the wreckage which remained scarcely survived the sands of time. So in this way, the reader perceives that a legacy through a mere monument is a legacy which fades. So what is left of Ozymandias? The poem itself—and further, the poem actually slights at the very heart of the former king’s desired legacy. We see that, in fact, how easily the Pharaoh, whom monuments had once been built for and who once ruled a great empire, is easily thwarted in the reader’s mind by linguistic expressions, by delicate subtle phrases, and by literary persuasion. Shelley’s work perpetuates through the years to remind many of Ozymandias. On the other hand, we also see that the endurance of physical art, monumental designs, and sculptures as a medium of legacy is inferior to that of the mighty, powerful literary weapons Shelley wields from his arsenal of ink and parchment.

Ccld level 5 unit 5 Essay

1. Understand the values, principals and statutory frameworks that underpin service provisions in children’s care, learning and development. 1. 1 ‘National Occupational Standards (NOS) describe best practice by bringing together skills, knowledge and values. National Occupational Standards are valuable tools to be used as benchmarks for qualifications as well as for defining roles at work, staff recruitment, supervision and appraisal. ’ (www. skillsforcare. org. uk 18/04/15). see more:explain how to access additional support and information relating to health and safety The standards are for people who work with children aged 0-16 years and their families within settings where the main service is children’s care learning  and development. NOS as stated above set a ‘benchmark’ for good practice and are key for training and gaining qualifications. They underpin the whole set of standards and impact on families when they are used within everyday routines. For example a nursery assistant who is carrying out training will undergo regular visits from their assessor who will evaluate their ability to work within the context of the set principles and values in order to sign off written work and observations, which will enable them to achieve their qualification and become a qualified nursery nurse. Other values and principles in the NOS are reflected within the nurseries policies and procedures and mission statement for example: ’The welfare of the child is paramount’. All staff and students are made aware of these within their induction and training and must sign that they have read and understand them before their employment can commence. ‘the paramountcy principle’ stems from the Family Law Act 1975, detailed in the Children Act 1989, in which it is stated that the best interest of the child must be regarded as the paramount consideration when making specified decisions regarding the child’s health and welfare. Children’s work and photographs are displayed around the nursery in order for them to look at them and talk about them, this encourages the children’s self- esteem, resilience and a positive self image which is essential to every child’s development. Children are also given the freedom of choice as they learn through play as per the guidelines set out by the foundation phase. Regular room and staff meetings are held which provides the staff with opportunities to share professional knowledge, skills and values and ensures that all staff are able to gain all up to date information. â€Å"Children and young people should be seen as young citizens, with rights and opinions to be taken into account now. † (Rights to action) (www. childrenrights. org. uk 18/04/15) ‘In 2002 the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child welcomed the fact that the Welsh government had used the Convention as the frame work in it’s strategy for children and young people. ’ (www. childrenrights. org. uk 18/04/15) This was then followed in 2004 when the Welsh Assembly Government (WAG) adopted the convention as the basis of all of its policy making for children and young people. The WAG issued ‘Rights to Action’ a policy  document that adopts ‘Seven Core Aims for Children’ as a direct translation of the UNCRC’s articles. Every Child and Young Person in Wales (0-25 years) has a basic entitlement to: 1. Have a flying start in life. 1. Have a comprehensive range of education and learning opportunities. 1. Enjoy the best possible health and are free from abuse, victimisation and exploitation. 1. Have access to play, leisure, sporting and cultural activities. 1. Are listened to, treated with respect, and have their race and cultural identity recognised. 1. Have a safe home and a community which supports physical and emotional wellbeing. 1. Are not disadvantaged by poverty. Sunnybank aims to meet all of these seven core aims by providing all children with a variety of learning opportunities that are both fun and able to enhance the children’s learning and development. The preschool room of which I am room leader follows the foundation phase which allows children the opportunity to gain first-hand experiences through play and active involvement. Children are given free choice and are able to develop communication, literacy and listening, personal and social wellbeing, welsh and cultural diversity, Welsh language, knowledge and understanding,  physical development and creative skills as they embark on experiential learning both indoors and outdoors. All staff within the nursery are DBS checked which ensures that all children are cared for in a secure and relaxed environment. The nurseries equal opportunities policy states that ‘This nursery aims to demonstrate through it’s work that it positively values and respects children of all ethnic origins/racial groups religions, cultures, linguistic backgrounds and abilities. Children of both sexes are positively encouraged by staff to participate in all activities. This helps to ensure that all staff are aware that it is of paramount importance to ensure that all children are treated fairly and are respected and valued. As with all childcare settings Sunnybank must ensure that it meets and is able to comply with all standards set in the National Minimum Standards in order to achieve a satisfactory inspection report. Sunnybank is inspected annually by the CSSIW. A copy of the inspection report is then available for viewing online. 2. Be able to implement values, principles and statutory frameworks that underpin service provision in children’s care, learning and development. 2. 1 Sunnybank’s policies procedures, core aims and mission statement provide information relating to safeguarding, equal opportunities, health and safety etc. all of this information is of paramount importance when working within the nursery and aid in supporting staff to provide a high level of care to all children. All new staff, students and volunteers must sign to say that they have read and understand these documents before the commencement of their employment. Staff are provided with the opportunity to enhance their knowledge and gain up to date information by attending training courses and completing courses  online. Monmouthshire county council are my nursery settings local safeguarding board. The nursery works in partnership with our local safeguarding board in order to ensure that the nursery is aware of who to talk to and what procedure they need to follow in order to deal with suspicions should they arise. The nursery safeguarding policy states who the Senior Designated Person (SDP) is (our manager) and who the deputy SDP is (myself). The SDP is responsible for the safeguarding children policy and child protection procedures. The policy informs staff of what procedure to follow should they have any concerns. The local authority host safeguarding training courses for childcare workers and all staff are level one trained in safe guarding within my setting. Myself and the manager are level two trained in safe guarding as we are the settings SDP’s . working with other professionals ensures that my setting can provide the best possible care and outcomes for the children. Staff meetings provide opportunity for all staff to be informed of changes to legislation and how it may affect the nursery policies etc. and individual appraisals help to inform the manager of any further training or supervision that may be required for certain staff. This additional training can sometimes be provided in house by the managers or room leaders e. g. help with understanding and undertaking planning where as some may involve out of house training such as first aid training. All staff have a job role and list of their responsibilities which they must implement into everyday practice as they help the nursery to comply with standards in order to maintain high standards of care and achieve an annual ‘no recommendations’ inspection report. Staff are asked to regularly re-read and sign the nursery policies on a regular basis to ensure that their knowledge  of them is up to date. 3. Be able to implement policies and procedures for sharing information. 3. 1 Sunnybank’s policies and procedures are developed from legislation such as NMS and CSSIW regulations. They are put into practice to maintain ratios, registration and care and education. Additional agencies such as WPPA and NDNA are also considered to help provide quality assurance. The basic policies and procedures are created at managers meetings with the owner of all three Sunnybank nurseries. The managers will then develop their own additions to the policies for the setting based on individual reports, feedback  and experiences. Some individual policies may also be unique and include information about their local authorities/ agencies whom the nurseries share information with on a need to know basis or as required when relating to child protection. The policies and procedures are adapted to suit each learning environment and can be adapted to ensure that they are being adhered to at all times. Some examples of policies that relate to information sharing are: Safeguarding children policy and child protection procedures, policy on complaints, procedure for staff training and improvements of standards and  outcomes policy. 3. 2/3. 3 Policies and procedures provide a means of informing all staff of current expected practices within the nursery. Staff that have been working in the nursery for a long time may easily forget certain areas of the policies. I would recommend that staff are set time out of the room to re-read and refresh their knowledge of the policies and procedures on an annual basis. I would also recommend that managers are on hand to help explain policies and the importance of them on a one to one basis as some new staff may not understand certain policies especially in their initial induction. The nursery has quite recently had a lot of changes made to the safeguarding policy due to new legislation. I feel that when changes are made to policies and procedures all staff would benefit from explanations and demonstrations as to why these changes have occurred and the new procedures that are now in place being discussed during a staff meetings. One to one appraisals would also provide a good opportunity to discuss any changes as it will provide staff the opportunity to ask any questions that they may be too shy to ask in front of the other staff if they do not understand and will provide the opportunity to  share information that needs to be discussed on a need to know basis. New staff and students may not be fully aware of current legislation which underpins how the nursery is run and the activities we provide, for this reason there may be a conflict of ideas. To help to avoid this it is important that staff are given opportunities to communicate and share ideas. Room meetings would be a good way of ensuring that all staff within the room fully understand the process and routine of each room and the importance of certain activities and what they provide for the children. It will also allow staff to have their say  and put forward ideas they may have but feel too reluctant to discuss with the manager, the room leader would then be able to inform the managers on their behalf. This will also help to ensure that the participation policy which states that ‘all our children, parents and staff will be given the opportunity to express their views and for their views to be listened to and taken into account’ is being adhered to. I feel that better communication between all staff is key to promoting a more positive team relationship ultimately ensuring that all policies and procedures are adhered to and a high level of care is maintained. A personal development plan would be a good addition to the appraisal system. A personal development plan should be devised for each member of staff to ensure that they are receiving training opportunities and support to help them to understand and implement policies. 4. Be able to engage others in reflective practice. Unit 9: Promote professional development-4. Be able to improve performance through reflective practice. 4. 1/ 4. 2 Reflective practice is the capacity to reflect on action that allows us to engage in a process of continuous learning. Reflective practice can be an  important tool in practice-based professional learning settings where people learn from their own professional experiences, rather than from formal learning. It may be the most important source of personal professional development and improvement. It is also an important way to bring together theory and practice; through reflection a person is able to see and label forms of thought and theory within the context of their work. A person who reflects throughout their practice is not just looking back on past actions and events, but is taking a conscious look at emotions, experiences, actions, and  responses, and using that information to add to their existing knowledge base and reach a higher level of understanding. It is important to reflect on your own professional practice to see where you may need to make adjustments and improvements but also to see what you are doing well. It is not always easy to be critical of yourself but it is better in the long run to realise and correct errors before anything serious happens. Being able to evaluate your own practice can help others to do the same and can support your further learning. Staff appraisals are a good tool in terms of monitoring our progress, goals and  achievements. They challenge you to reflect on your work over the last few months and allow you to set realistic goals for the next few months. As these appraisals are carried out by the manager, there is also opportunity for feedback from other colleagues as to how you are performing in the workplace. As a nursery nurse I will reflect in activities without realising it, as I have to consider the children’s safety as I plan and provide enjoyable activities for them. ‘Reflection in practice’ is when the activity is being carried out and the practitioner makes changes during the process to enhance the  situation/activities outcomes e. g. when doing a cutting and sticking activity with preschool I may need to incorporate an extra measure on the spot to help some children hold the scissors properly in order to guarantee the safety of the activity, this may include putting a star sticker on the child’s thumb and encouraging them to point the star at the ceiling. This may not have been an original planned feature of the activity but it may have been a vital intervention in order to aid the children’s fine motor skills. ‘Reflection on practice’ this is when the activity is over and the practitioner  reflects back on the situation to consider what worked and what didn’t. as a nursery nurse I will perform this process on a regular basis throughout my practice, it may be recorded when evaluating planning as this will help me to map out aspects that were successful in achieving all of the necessary key skills and developmental outcomes as well as deciding if the activity was interesting enough for the intended age group. Not every activity/situation will however allow time to make a record of reflection, in this instance it may be necessary to make a mental note of anything significant that you may want to  reflect on during an appraisal. I have looked a few models of reflective practise that are relevant within my setting. ?Gibbs reflective cycle (1988)- the model includes six stages of reflective practice: 1. Description 1. Feelings 1. Evaluate 1. Analyse 1. Conclude 1. Action plan This reflective cycle looks at different stages during the reflective process from describing the process and considering your feelings at the time to evaluating, analysing and making a conclusion and action plan should the same situation occur again. Taking action is the key to this model of reflection. Gibbs  proposed that ‘To reflect is not enough, you then have to put into practice the learning and new understanding you have gained therefore allowing the reflective process to inform your practice. Taking action is the key’ (www. afpp. org. uk 19/04/15) Pos -You can use it to help team members think about how they deal with situations, so that they can understand what they did well, and so that they know where they need to improve. – The cycle can be used by a person on themselves or to help another team member. – It provides an opportunity to allow others to see things from a different perspective. – Allows team members the opportunity to express their feelings and opinions. Cons -It might be difficult for some people to talk honestly about their feelings. -The outcome may be affected by the relationship between the team member and the manager that carries out the cycle. -The cycle is very long and there may not always be enough time to allow for the a thorough review. ?John’s Model of reflection (1994)-Johns model is based on five cue questions which enable you to break down your experience and reflect on the process and outcomes. 1. Description 1. Reflection 1. Influencing factors. 1. Alternative strategies 1. Learning Cues are offered to help practitioners to make sense of and learn through practice. The five cues allow the practitioner to describe the situation, reflect on it and consider any influencing factors then find alternative strategies and learn from the experience while considering how the experience has changed their knowing. Pros -Can be used as a self evaluation or by a manager to help coach another team member. -Allows team members to reflect on influential factors that affected their practice at the time that they may not have previously considered. -May pin point strengths and weaknesses. -Allows practitioners to consider and develop more effective future strategies. Cons -The practitioner may be biased of their actions. -A long process that time may not always allow for them to complete. -A future reflection will need to be completed for a similar situation in order to review progress in practice. ?Borton’s Developmental Framework (1970) This is a simple model that is suitable for novice practitioners, at its simplest it’s three steps can be summarised as: ?WHAT? ?SO WHAT? ?NOW WHAT? i. e. the What questions such as: What happened? What was I doing? Serve to identify the experience and describe it in detail. The So what? Questions include questions like: So what do I need to know in order to understand this situation? So what does this tell me about me? About my relationship with the subject? With the other members of the team? i. e. the practitioner breaks down the situation and tries to make sense of it by analysing and evaluating in order to draw conclusions. The Now what? Questions e. g. Now what do I need to do to make things better? Now what might be the consequences of this action? At this stage the  practitioner plans intervention and action according to personal theory devised. Pros -A quick evaluation process that can be easily completed and used as a reflection in practice as well as a reflection on practice. -Can be a great way of evaluating planned activities. -A good self evaluation process. Cons -The practitioner may find it difficult to see ways in which they could improve future situations. -A future plan will need to be devised in order to track advancements. ?Atkins and Murphy’s Model of reflection (1994) There are five sections of this model: 1. Description 1. Analyse feelings and knowledge relevant to the situation. 1. Evaluate the relevance of knowledge. 1. Identify any learning which has occurred. 1. Action/new experiences. The five sections allow practitioners to describe the situation and their feelings, challenge assumptions and explore alternatives, identify new learning and make a plan of action or consider new experiences. Pros -The model can be used by the individual or to help another team member. -It allows practitioners to question and challenge elements of practice and provides a deep analysis. -Allows practitioners the opportunity to express and discuss their feelings. Cons -A long process of reflection that adequate time may not always be available for. -It might be difficult for some people to talk honestly about their feelings -Outcomes may be affected by relationships as the practitioner may not feel comfortable discussing their feelings. 4. 3/ 4. 4 As room leader of preschool, I am responsible for planning stimulating activities that will aid the children’s development in line with the foundation phase. I evaluate every focused activity that I plan on a weekly basis to ensure that I am continuing to provide fun, educational and relevant activities  which meet all the given aims. When planning for all areas of development I must remember to ensure the following when I reflect on my practice during my planning evaluations. ?Do I have a consistent approach? ?Do I ensure progression, through what I plan, between each ‘Stage of Development (not year group)? ?Do I observe children and their needs and interests, then cater for them? (younger more applicable) ?Do I talk to children about their needs and interests, then cater for them? (older more applicable) The reflective evaluations help me to plan future activities by setting out clear  aims and objectives and then allow me to reflect on the activity to determine whether the aims were achieved and what could be changed or done differently should I decide to repeat the activity again. I always differentiate the planning in order to cater for the wide range of age and abilities within the room and each child’s key worker will then be able to add the differentiation should they feel it’s necessary. From completing these reflective evaluations in the past I have recognised the need to explain certain aspects of the activity in more detail with the staff and  students in my room I have started to include sketches, diagrams and step by step instructions alongside the initial planning sheets to ensure that the task is fully understood and all staff are working towards the same outcomes. I have also found the need to repeat these focused activities in order for it to be more beneficial for the children as they may not always be in the mood for adult lead activities. As with all team members, I have a one to one appraisal with my manager. During this appraisal my manager will give me feedback on my performance in the last few weeks. I will also have time to reflect on my own practice and  work with the manager to consider options to improve my own performance. The appraisal also allows me to look at any achievements I have accomplished and gives my manager the chance to see how these may have contributed to the business. In my recent appraisal and from reflecting on my own personal practice, I have become aware that I need to gain more confidence in my ability to carry out nursery visits as I have not had very much experience in doing these. Myself and my manager discussed different options that may build my confidence in order to complete more visits such as accompanying my  manager on her visits and taking notes and doing a visit with my manager to allow her to fill in any information that I may miss. Together we discussed that I need to have a tougher approach when enforcing policies and ensuring that all staff adhere to them. She also commented that I have become more confident since starting my level 5 course as I am gaining better knowledge of legislation etc. to aid me in my job role. Reflecting on my successful practice enables me to feel confidents and able in my own abilities. It has encouraged me to take on more challenging tasks  and has enabled be to be a better role model to other team member. I have felt more confident when speaking about issues that may occur and I feel I am more able to offer advice and guidance to other staff as a result. Reflecting on mistakes and failures can sometimes be hard to do as it means I need to admit to being wrong and try to change my perspective. But doing this gives me time to look at where the situation went wrong and learn from those errors. I can look back at an activity and turn a mistake into a positive by learning how it can be corrected and taking advice and guidance from others. I can improve my future performance In similar circumstances as a result of this and aid others by using my negative experience as guidance to prevent them from making similar mistakes. 5. Be able to evaluate own professional practice in children’s care, learning and development. 5. 1 From Obtaining my level 3 qualification in Childcare during in house training, I have been able to gain knowledge and experience of childcare through practical learning and have been able to experience situations that may not always be taught in a classroom. I am able to reflect on my own training and qualifications as well as my  personal performance through the use of appraisals and development plans. I have attended foundation phase training courses which have greatly influenced and aided my performance as a nursery nurse and as preschool room leader as it has enabled me to gain a better understanding of the curriculum thus enabling me to provide the children in my care with the best learning experiences. First aid courses have enabled me to feel confident to deal with any circumstance should they arise and has given me knowledge of possible signs and symptoms of illnesses. The safeguarding courses I have attended have given me the knowledge and confidence to spot any concerns or signs of abuse and what to do in order to act on and report the concerns, as well as the confidence to inform other staff of how to spot or deal with any concerns. From my experience working as a nursery nurse I feel confident in my ability to provide children with a high standard of care by developing a respectful and understanding relationship which allows children to feel safe and relaxed. As room leader of preschool I plan activities in accordance to the foundation phase that are suitable for each child’s needs and abilities I ensure that each  child’s abilities are catered for by doing weekly evaluations and reflections of the activities based on individual observations. I also ensure that other staff are confident in completing and leading set tasks and activities. It is my role to complete individual observations, baseline assessments and child skill booklets that will help to inform me of any areas in which the children may need extra help and encouragement. I also work in partnership with the parents to ensure that the child is receiving a consistent routine of care that is suitable to them. I am able to share any concerns I may have or achievements  that the child has made during parent meetings and in informal daily chats. As deputy manager and from carrying out my level 5 , I have gained a greater knowledge and understanding of how daily practice is influenced by policies and procedures, legislation and benchmarks such as the CSSIW regulations and NMS in providing high quality care for children. I have gained the ability to enforce policies within the nursery and support staff to provide high levels of care. Bibliography ?www. afpp. org. uk ?www. childrenrights. org. uk ?www. skillsforcare. org. uk ?Sunnybank day nursery- policies and procedures.

Like water for Chocolate

These quotes show Tit's connection to food, which grow slowly in ever y chapter of the book. TIA prepares certain dishes for special occasions and at different times of the year and the food is connected to her emotions. First, the narrator begins by telling the reader that â€Å"The trouble with crying ova ere an onion is that once the chopping gets you started and the tears begin to well up, the next thing you know you just can't stop! † (3). The narrator is indirectly telling the reader that food is also like Faber 2 motions.As a matter of fact â€Å"TIA made her entrance into this world, preempt rely, right there on the kitchen table amid the smells of simmering noodle soup, thyme, bay leave s, and cilantro, steamed milk, garlic, and of course, onion. † (Quiver 56). This quote shows the at TIA is connected to food even before she can cook. The fact that Tit's onion induce d crying caused her to come to the world prematurely show us that in the novel tears are symbol of Tit's emotional connection, once again making food a really important role in the novel.Second, Food in Like Water for Chocolate doesn't only represent emotions it a I so represents tradition. â€Å"TIA gets her great cooking skills from Nacho, this is there e way of passing down the recipes from generation to generation. The recipes in Like Water for Chocolate are kept in the family. TIA then passes the recipes to Spenserian. Spenserian then passes them to her daughter who puts them in the book. The recipes that are passes down from generation to generation are also what tell us the story of TIA† (Tradition, Culture, Food in Lie eek Water for Chocolate 1).There was one day when Rosary did attempt to cook. When It TA tried nicely to give her some advice, Rosary became irritated and asked her to leave the kit chem.. The rice was obviously scorched, the meat dried out, the dessert burnt. But no one at the t able dared display the tiniest hint of displeasure, not after Mama Elena had pointedly remarked: â€Å"As for the first meal Rosary has cooked it isn't bad. Don't you agree, Pedro? † Of course, t hat afternoon the whole family felt sick to their stomachs† (50). The sickness that the family felt was that of the hate in she prepared the meal with.Third, Esquire' specifically tells the reader that the cook has the power to do stuff by saying â€Å"The kitchen becomes a veritable reservoir of creative and magical events, in which the cook who possesses this talent becomes artist, healer, and lover. Culinary activity I involves not just the Faber 3 combination of prescribed ingredients, but something personal and creative e matting from the cook, a magical quality which transforms the food and grants its powerful pro parties that go beyond physical satisfaction to provide spiritual nourishment as well† (60).The e use of Magical realism in this novel let's the reader understand more how in this novel the c ask possesses the talent to become an artist a healer or a lover. In conclusion, Food has a meaning of communication in this novel. F-DOD I s represented to show the emotions of TIA as well as the other characters. Food has a strong r ole in Like Water for Chocolate because food and it's tradition is what identifies the main char Cater, TIA . Through the novel we see that TIA was born in a Kitchen and lived cooking almost all h ere life.The title of he book is also symbolic because â€Å"the phrase like water for chocolate came f room Mexico. In Mexico,hot chocolate is made with water, not milk. The water is brought to a boil and then the chocolate is spooned into it. A person in a state of sexual excitement is said to be â€Å"like water for chocolate(algebra Dictionary). † The narrator utilized food to represent Tit's ATT ration to Pedro. Food is extremely important in this novel because without the magical realism m used with the food, it would of been harder for the reader to understand Tit's affai r with Pee door.

The Mental, and Physical Effects Muscular Dystrophy Has On Students

The Mental, and Physical Effects Muscular Dystrophy Has On Students Muscular dystrophy refers to a category of genetic diseases where the voluntary and skeletal muscles responsible for regulating muscles weaken and degenerate progressively (Emery, 1987, p.47). The disease is hereditary in nature. It may occur in childhood, later in life or during the middle years of one’s life.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Mental, and Physical Effects Muscular Dystrophy Has On Students specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The most common type of muscular dystrophy is Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD). Boys are the primary victims of Duchenne muscular Dystrophy. Its primary cause is lack of dystrophin, the protein responsible for maintaining the strength and durability of a muscle. The disease attacks between the age of 3 and 5 years and then progresses rapidly. Statistics in The United States indicate that 21 in every3500 -500 boys is born with the disease and 400-600 new cases occ ur every single year (Johanson,2008).The disease does not affect girls as the gene responsible is recessive in them. They can only be carriers and chances of transmitting the disease to their children stand at 50%. Muscular weakness in most cases of muscular dystrophy begins in the legs. The first symptom is difficulty in walking (Siegel, 1999). A child may find it very challenging to walk the way he walks normally or may have to keep the feet apart to be in a position to maintain a steady balance. He or she may then have to depend on the arms to do basic things such as standing or walking on a staircase. The child may experience pain in the calves and may keep falling frequently. The child then has to depend on walking braces. Eventually complete walking disability necessitates the need for such a child to depend on a wheelchair for motion. With time, the deterioration progresses to other parts of the body such as the chest, the neck, and the arms. This causes breathing difficultie s and severe diseases such as pneumonia. Mental disorders and cardiac conditions are also caused by muscular dystrophy. The severity of muscular dystrophy depends on the age and the individual. Some people may not develop symptoms and may end up experiencing the average life expectancy. On the other hand, some individuals suffer disability and eventually die from the disease.Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Genetic mutation is the facilitating factor of Muscular dystrophy. Mutation of the dystrophin gene causes Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies while muscular dystrophy suffered in the limb-girdle area is caused by mutations in genes that are still being researched by scientists (Emery, 2008, p.34). Children suffering from the condition tend to have a very high concentration of the enzyme. A DNA test is then conducted to determine whether the dystrophin gene has undergone mutation. If the tests still do not indicate presence of muscular dystrophy, a muscle biopsy must be done. Physical therapy is one of the most recommended options for muscle dystrophy given that it has no definite treatment. It helps keep the tone of the muscles strong and reduces the intensity of joint contractions keeping the muscles in strong form and maintaining the flexibility of the muscles (Bushyby Anderson, p.2001). Use of braces to prevent stiffening of the muscles around muscles which make it painful and hard to move, provides support for a child suffering from dystrophy and gives the child a life-lease by extending the time he or she can walk. Additionally, prednisone, a steroid, is used to reduce the rate at which muscles deteriorate in people suffering from Duchenne muscular dystrophy. The best time to begin the treatment is said to be the age of 5 years or at any age when the muscular strength of the child begins to retrogress. The side effects of prednisone are that it causes a person to gain weak further straining the muscles that have already lost strength (Johanson, 2008, p.49). It also causes the bones to lose density making it easy to suffer from sudden fractures. Surgery is another treatment option. Spinal fusion surgery reduces pain, lessens severe effects of curvatures, and eliminates effects of muscular severity on the breathing system. It makes it possible for a child to sit comfortably in an upright position on a chair.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Mental, and Physical Effects Muscular Dystrophy Has On Students specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Regular vaccination is recommended for children suffering from muscular dystrophy. This is because their respiratory muscles are severely weakened. Ability to cough phlegm is incapacitated making it possible for contract mild respiratory infections (Muscular Dystrophy Canada, 2008). Students suffering from muscular dystrophy face various challenges. Teachers need to understand the various stages of dystrophy in order to be in a position to handle such students. The early phase of the disease, which occurs during the age of 7 years, is characterized by delay in acquiring language skills and speech problems (Siegel, 1999). He may also be drowsy, be in energy less state, and tend to fall often. Such a student will therefore find physical education classes very daunting and taunting. The stage between 6 and 12 years is the transition stage between clumsiness in movement and full disability. A student will experience walking problems finding it very difficult to balance themselves in an upright posture. Walking on toes is quite common as the student tires to balance himself (Parker, Parker, and Icon Group International, 2002, p.17). As such, standing in class or at the field would be very difficult. At the age of 12-14 years, the student will have lost walking ability and wi ll need the help of a wheel chair. Activities done by the legs or arm will have to be accomplished by using a machine aids. The ability to write and the general computer skills will not have been lost at this stage because the fingers are still in a position to function effectively (Emery, 2008, p.34). From the age of 15 and above the student becomes susceptible to acute infections of the respiratory system. Signs of cardiac failure also start setting in at this stage. Heart and respiratory conditions are usually chronic and might end up killing the student. The most commonly used drug, the steroid prednisone has the positive effects of increasing the muscular strength of most boys. On the downside, it has negative psychological impacts on the academic progression of a student. These include increased periods of drowsiness and uncontrollable sleep and easy distraction though loss of concentration.Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Patients taking prednisone tend to be overly emotionally sensitive, get irritated easily, and overreact to situations. Depression sets in very easily as the drug impairs the thinking process and therefore the student experiences difficulties in accomplishing simple tasks like reading (Emery,1987,p.54 ). The specific learning problems experienced by a student suffering from muscular dystrophy include slow speed of grasping and understanding information. A teacher has to be very patient with such a student and has to repeat and re-repeat instructions so that the student can process them. As the students grow-up, they tend to display substantial levels of intelligence. Their creativity level is very high because they portray high-quality visual skills (Johanson, 2008). Duchenne patients all over the world row up to become successful artists due to this character. Nevertheless, the confinement to a wheel chair due to muscular dystrophy may lead to gross stress, emotional disturbance, an d depression. Parents of children with muscular dystrophy should disclose it to their teachers in order to ensure proper care in school. To accommodate the special needs of a muscular dystrophy student, there will be a need to modify and make changes to the way classes are conducted and the entire class will be affected in the process. If the other classmates are ignorant about what is happening to the affected student, they are more likely to harass, tease, and taunt him. Research has shown that if they are aware about what is happening to him they are more likely to support and cheer up the classmate (Bushby Anderson, 2001.p.57). A teacher should disclose the student’s condition to the class and the general steps the peers are expected to take to support him within the limits of the parent’s confidentiality proposal. When modifying and scheduling class activities for the dystrophy student, it is better to include the whole class by incorporating their ideas in the a ffair so that it does not seem as if the ill student is being favored at their expense or if they are being discriminated against (Siegel,1999). The teacher should apply neutral language when communicating with the class about their students condition. Instead of saying that the disease is permanent and terminal, the teacher should say that the disease has devastating effects. Confinement to a wheel chair limits the physical space of a dystrophy patient. The physical liabilities for a dystrophic patient increase with time as the disease progresses leading to frustration and trauma for the student. Constant headaches and concentration lapses ends up manifesting in the behavior of such a child. It is also difficult for such a child to keep awake during the entire school time (Parker, Parker, and Icon Group International, 2002, p.17). A program that has been found to be very effective in actualizing general classes for muscular dystrophy students is known as The Individualized Educatio n Program (Emery, 2008). It guides teachers towards efficient delivery of the specialized education required by a dystrophy student. It helps integrate the needs of such as a student with those of the colleagues so that the student does not feel as if he is being discriminate and so that his or her peers do not feel as if their colleague is being accorded special treatment. It is particularly applicable in Physical education classes in order to improve both the cognition abilities of the student and to maintain a fit physical form. The special needs of the student must be met and at the same time, they must not be diverted from the education program that is being offered to the rest of the students. Throughout the school year, updated reports on the student’s performance and progress should be submitted to the parents and the therapists in the same way reports of the rest of the students are submitted or at rates that are more frequent. A teacher has the right to modify a gen erated Individual Education Program to meet the needs of his student. This after evaluating the effectiveness or appropriateness of such a program and the kind of reactions or behaviors the student is showing. It has been recommended that the report should be subjected to review every six months because the needs and behaviors of the student keep changing with the rate of deterioration of the muscles. Medical researchers have described a classroom environment as the best setting in which to implement an individual Education Program. The dystrophy student is able to interact freely with his classmates, receive an appropriate education that is not alienated from the one they are learning. By doing so, the dystrophy student I able to learn and appreciate the fact that disability is not inability (Johnson, 2008). A muscular dystrophy needs extra facilities to be able to cope in a regular school environment. These include modified transport to transfer him across various points in the sc hool. A wheelchair comes in handy but there may be cases where a vehicle maybe required (Parker, Parker, and Icon Group International, 2002, p.17).Therapy sessions are also recommended. Due to loss of cognitive abilities, the student must assess therapy to improve his speech skills. Physical exercise to maintain the bone structure and to exercise the faculties that he may be losing should be provided. The school can contribute costs with the parents to hire a therapist or the parents may prefer to hire a full-time physical therapist themselves. The student must also attend regular counseling sessions to help him deal with the psychological trauma and the emotional shock he may be going through. Disciplinary measures should be modified when it comes to such a student because incidents of indiscipline may not be due to his fault or willingness. Due to loss of use of arms, legs, and the neck technological assistance should be offered to such a student to aid him in doing schoolwork. So me dystrophy victims do not follow the age shame or pattern set for various stages of the disease. Some may suffer total disability as early as five years while others may exhibit symptoms experienced at a younger age at an older age. The teacher must be able to evaluate and treat every dystrophy student individually without subjecting him to stereotypes about the disease. The teacher must make sure that he or she is aware of the cognitive abilities of the student, the concentration level the speech skills and how the student is likely to react in every scenario. The weak nature of the muscles must be considered whenever a physical education teacher subjects his students to exercises that require building strength of the muscles. Regular stretching must be encouraged for the student to ensure that his joints do not contract and that his muscles do not tighten which may worsen the disability (Siegel, 1999, p.94). Dystrophy students experience problems when using stairs.A teacher shou ld ensure that the student does not have to use multi-storied floors and if he has to, the teacher should use activities that require use of the same floor. The teacher should structure activities in such a way that the slowness of the dystrophy student does not weigh him down. This can be done by allowing him to lead or set the pace for other students in a line (Bushby Anderson, 2001). Sitting upright proves difficult as the disease progresses. A raised chair should always be available for the dystrophy student to rest on. A dystrophy child should not be allowed to overwork himself by gong fir activities that require long distances. Swimming has been established as one of the most efficient activities that a dystrophy student can engage in. He does not have to use all his muscles to support him due to the gravitational pull. He can also play with his friends without tripping or losing balance and it provides an excellent opportunity to improve his breathing activities (Emery, 2008 ). Peer counseling is very helpful in helping a dystrophy students engage, interact, and integrate with his peers. This is best implemented through putting other students in charge of assisting the dystrophy student with his activities (Siegel, 1999, p.95). It is also wise to consult with neighboring schools to know whether they have students suffering from the same condition. Arrangements maybe made such students to share their experiences with the teachers who will be able to compare the strategies and policies put in place to help such students cope with normal school life. For such programs to be successful, they must be on a voluntary enlistment. The nutrition needs of a student suffering from muscular dystrophy should never be neglected and must be given undivided attention. Respiratory infections may lead to choking as food may be diverted to respiratory channels. Special feeding utensils are thus required. The student has to be supervised during meal times and must be accord ed assistance. Liquid foods should consider and schools should explore the possibility of providing special feeding utensils for their students to reduce incidences of choking. It must be noted that the disease disrupts the family of the dystrophic student. The family experiences shock and trauma and go through phases of denial and emotional time. With time, most families come to accept the condition and give the necessary support to their child who is just a victim of circumstances. The family also faces financial problems due to the high cost of available medication. The level of dependency required by the child also drains the family. Siblings might also express resentment as they may feel as if they are being left out and ignored. Teachers must be in a position to understand the parents. They should assist and cooperate with them rather than viewing them as being over-protective of the child. They should also understand fits of anger and emotional outbursts as such parents maybe dealing with depression (Siegel, 1999, p.100). Parents and teachers are requires to cooperate at all stages of the disease. Instances have been reported where schools compel students who have walking problems to use a wheel chair while such students are still walking home (Johnson, 2008). This creates confusing in the muscles, which may have devastating effects on the health of the child. The programs at school must be compatible at home so that the transition from the mobility stage to that of loss of mobility takes place effectively. The parents and the teachers must combine their efforts to ensure that the student concentrates on his strengths rather than his disabilities. It is very important to keep the student empowered through awareness. The student should be exposed to a lot of literature on the condition and a network of successful people suffering from the diseases. If symptoms of depression appear, the student should be counseled intensely and the services of a therapist should be sought (Bushby Anderson, 2001). Students who tend to withdraw from lifer those who retreat to gadgets such as the television must be encouraged that there is life with the disease and academic knowledge will still benefit them in the future. Reference List Bushby, K., Anderson, L. (2001). Muscular dystrophy: Methods and protocols. Totowa, N.J: Humana. Emery, A. (1987). Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Oxford: Oxford University Press Emery, A. (2008). Muscular dystrophy. Oxford: Oxford University Press Johanson, P. (2008). Muscular dystrophy. New York: Rosen Pub. Group. Muscular Dystrophy Canada. (2008). Movement: The national magazine of Muscular  Dystrophy Canada. Toronto: Muscular Dystrophy Canada. Parker, J., Parker, M., Icon Group International, Inc. (2002). The 2002 official patients  sourcebook on muscular dystrophy. San Diego, Calif: Icon Health Publications. Siegel, I. M. (1999). Muscular dystrophy in children: A guide for families. New York: Demos.

Why is reality television so popular, and how has it impacted the viewing public Essay Example

Why is reality television so popular, and how has it impacted the viewing public Essay Example Why is reality television so popular, and how has it impacted the viewing public Essay Why is reality television so popular, and how has it impacted the viewing public Essay Essay Topic: Popular Name: Course: Lecturer: Date: Popularity of Reality Television and its Impact on Viewers The increasing numbers of reality shows on American television are evidence of their popularity among American viewers. There are many different types of reality shows on American television, each of them dealing with different things. Some shows are dedicated to cooking, while others are interested in family life. Some of the reality shows deal with fashion, while others are concerned with music and dance. Other categories of reality shows include adventure, travel, teen pregnancy, and drug and substance addiction among others. The wide variety of reality shows make it appealing to a wide audience and this increases the numbers of viewers who watch the shows. Most of the shows are for entertainment purposes only. This is especially the case with shows dealing with music and dance. Other shows provide training and opportunities for people in different professions, such as cooking, business, and fashion shows. Some of the shows do not seem to have any purpose, but they still manage to find an audience. Most of the reality shows interest people because of all the drama involved. The cast usually finds ways of interesting and engaging the audience, even in the most unlikely of situations. For instance, someone would expect a cooking show to be just about the culinary skills of the people involved. However, such shows are filled with arguments, shouting, and conflict, which are meant to interest the viewers. Most people are attracted to reality television because it involves ordinary people. The people on these shows do not have to be perfect, and neither do they depend on a script and rehearsed lines. The viewers see as they make mistakes, and they identify with them. The viewers can relate to the situations that most of the cast goes through, and this interests the people more. Other viewers watch the shows because they make them feel superior. They feel good about the cast imperfections, lack of morality, unintelligence, and lack of creativity that the cast portray. This makes peop le feel good about themselves. Reality television fills people with possibilities. When the viewers see ordinary people on television, they are filled with the hope that they too, can become famous. Before reality television, television was a preserve for the few. It was for those who were skilled in acting, or had positive physical attributes that made them appealing. Reality television enables people to dream and to fantasize on the possibility of becoming famous, and perhaps gaining some fortune. The coming of reality television revolutionized the television industry, since it meant that any person, whether or not the person is beautiful or skilled in acting, could appear on television. Many of the shows portray the case in an unfavorable way, and this interests the audience. Reality television is a reflection of American society. Some shows are of a competitive nature. They usually include a cash reward for the person who wins at the end of the show. Such shows tend to interest people who are competitive in nature. The participants will do everything they can, including cheating, backstabbing, and forming temporary alliances to ensure that they win. Other shows reflect the morality levels, or decadence within the society. Reality shows reflect the competitive nature and vengeful spirit within people. They reflect the society’s level of morality and the people’s desire for ambition and glory. In some cases, they represent the arrogance and need for recognition among people. Television has a big influence on the viewer. The more people watch television, the more they are compelled to act and live the way they see the characters on television do. They are compelled to behave, talk, and even dress like them. Television can influence people’s perception about their world. It leads the viewers to treat others the way they see the characters on television do. Children are especially vulnerable audience because they lack the maturity to understand what to imitate, and what to ignore from television. Adolescents and young adults are also vulnerable groups because they tend to be influenced more by peer pressure. They idolize people quickly, and this can determine their character and personality later in life. One of the differences between reality shows and scripted television shows is that the latter has sections where they show the consequences of taking a particular action. For instance, most scripted television shows show the lessons that the characters have learnt because of the actions they took and the decisions they made. They learn that crime does not pay, and one will always be punished in the end. They learn that bitterness and vengeance does not benefit a person, and that person ends up living a miserable life. The shows display how the person who perseveres until the end, and who plays the game fairly ends up winning. Reality television denies the participants and the audience the possibility of learning. It denies them the chance to see the consequence of their actions. Since most of the shows are aired as they happen, the participants have no chance to rectify their mistakes or learn from their failures. They have no time to reflect or think about what they have done. They move on to the next scene, and some of them never come to realize the mess they have done. Reality television has made people portray their private lives more publicly. People are no longer conscious of the things they portray to the public. In come cases, children no longer consider it strange to shout at their parents and disrespect them, because that is what reality television has taught them. Parents no longer consider it a big deal to display their problems in front of their children, or in front of other people. They have seen worse situations on reality television, and they think that they can live in such a world. When the reality of the situation hits people, it becomes hard for them to take it in and dea l with it, and some end up having depression and other psychological problems.

Essay on Human Rights

Essay on Human Rights Essay on Human Rights Essay on HUMAN RIGHTS: THE RIGHT TO LIFE Alexander, Klint. (2003). The implications of the USA Patriot Act and US counter- terrorism on international human rights law, Journal of the Society for Advanced Legal Studies. Amicus Curiae, 2003 (49) With the patriot act as the foundation for his argument, Dr. Alexander Lint looks at different facets of human rights. Basing her arguments further on development studies, human rights, politics and even law subjects, Lint explores the general field of international law in regards to how it applies to human right to life. National as well as international security has been explored as one area where human rights are always under threat. The voice in this peer-review article is that of an authority figure considering that Alexander is a renowned lecturer and scholar. Dr. Lint has worked at the department of political science in Vanderbilt University and is hence highly experienced in the issues of international law and its applications. Alexander provides various accounts including legislations to look at when focusing on abuse of human right to life. He says it is also important to note that in regards to ‘right to life’ there are several legislations that while protecting individual’s right to life, gives exceptions under which someone can lose the right to life. The European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms’ (ECHR) article number two holds that â€Å"Everyone rights to life shall be protected by law† (Brian 2002). This means that the article provision is not an absolute law in itself but a right that is subject to several other exceptions. If a person commits a capital offence and is sentenced to death, they definitely lose their right to life. The same article 2 holds that when it becomes necessary to deprive one of his/her right to life to protect another person from an eminent unlawful violence targeted at them, it is legal. This also appl ies when the deprivation to the right of life is executed to prevent a person from escaping lawful custody or even in some cases, preventing insurrections that are being mounted against lawful authorities in a state (Mark 2009). In the event that all these deprivations are done, in a manner that more than necessary force was used then the executed persons stand wronged (Jack 2003). This means that the law enforcement agencies and authorities like the police or the armed forces have a responsibility to prove that they did not use undue force in depriving persons of their right to life. It should be known that several countries across the world today have changed their minds against executing persons, even death raw convicts. It is nowadays common to find persons sentenced for life imprisonment instead of death even for capital offenders. This has been informed by the argument that death sentences are morally bad. The right to life comes in several situations. It is for instance expected that if a person’s right to life is threatened by known persons or factors, the state have a responsibility through its law enforcement agencies to keep the individuals at risk in safety zones all the time. This is regardless of whether such dangers emanate from previous capital offences committed by the endangered persons. The other instance is where a patient seeks medical attention for life threatening condition. The medical personal have a professional responsibility to take care of emergencies and ensure that life is not lost. Finally, the right to life can also be invoked where a person who comes into the country illegally has to be deported (Brian 2002). The deporting state has a legal responsibility to ensure that the country they are deporting the person to do not pose any serious dangers to their lives. The most common form of human right abuses that have been seen in the world today in regards to right to life are in the form of genocides that result from political instability and civil unrest. The International Criminal Court at the Hague have in the past sought to hold political leaders accountable for the mass murders that take place under their watch or as they try to put in place their dictatorial regimes(Brian 2002). The most notable ones include the Rwanda genocide, the mass murders in Liberia and Slovakia. In all these cases, the figures brought before the court for prosecution have been accused of executing people in great numbers for political expediency hence among other charges abusing their rights to life. There are several generations of human rights as documented by human rights organizations such as the United Nations. The first generation rights include among others the right to life. The second generation includes among others the right to health. The third generation includes among others the right to clean water. Human rights in general provide a way in which societies and individuals all over the way shape their behavior towards others. Many countries all over the world use human rights to shape the constitutions and laws of the country. Brasch, W. M. (2005) Americas’ unpatriotic acts: the federal government’s violation of constitutional and civil rights, New York: Peter Lang This book by Brasch was adopted only 6 weeks after the September 11. It stands out as a piece on international human rights especially in the US but also highlights several issues of human rights abuses in other countries across the world. He has brought to the fore matters relating to the human rights abuses in terrorism, the detainees in Guantanamo Bay as well as other human rights to life violations executed in Afghanistan. Professor Brasch Walter has won several awards especially in his area of Journalism. He also has several experiences in the field of human rights and has authored several other books with similar story lines. Brasch brings out the issue of war as perpetuated in America, as a significant are where the right to life is seriously violated. Self-defense has been associated with debates regarding the right to life. Self-defense occurs on the point of attack. During an attack, an individual may choose to defend himself or his property. This may lead to the death of the individual or the attacker. The death of the attacker occurs in light of self-defense. The attacked kills the attacker because of defending oneself. Ethical issues arise out of such killing in such a way that the life of the attacker is also considered sacred and could have been avoided. The life of the attacked is also sacred and many at times, his death occurs in the scuffle. The fact that both lives are sacred brings out a problem in deciding such cases. Whether any of those lives is more important, is of great concern. Such an issue could otherwise be solved using dialogue without involving violence. Since many attackers come in prepared for war, such issues arise and lead to death of one or both of the individuals. War has also brought in an ethical dilemma. Countries go after one another every so often. Examples of major wars that have rocked the world include the world war one and two as well as the cold war. Countries have been taken to court in the present as well as the past over such decisions to attack other countries over security and such other issues they may consider appropriate. Wars usually have casualties in them. Many people killed in wars do not necessarily pose a threat to the security of countries. Wars have led to the death of many civilians. The decision to kill people brings out an ethical concern in that in the first place life is a basic human right. Killing people for whatever reason presents a defying of this immediate right to life. Superpower countries usually retaliate against security threats by going to war with other countries. This leads to the deaths of individuals hence contravening this right. The decision to let go of the desire to go to war is a tough one es pecially when the security of the country matters. Terror gangs kill people using such things as bombs and grenade attacks. Such killings include the organized terror attacks on the twin towers and abduction of personnel in high seas. Retaliating is a good thing since it would be protecting the country against future attacks. The only problem is that it would lead to the death of civilians in such countries involved. Brasch also looks at other perspectives including abortion as areas where basic human right to life has been sacrificed. The right to life is a paramount right. It implies that one has the right to live (Arthur 1955). It implies that the lives of human beings are sacred. The right to life phrase is a belief that all human beings are entitled to being alive. This concept has been associated with many debates on abortion, war, euthanasia, self-defense and capital punishment. The right to life is among other inalienable rights inherent to human beings. The other inalienabl e human rights include the right to liberty and happiness. Several councils and conventions adopted this as a paramount right to humanity linking it to the fact that without life, there would be no one to whom these rights would apply. All other rights come after this. They come after human life. Laws in countries stipulate the importance of human life. Ethical associations of this right are attributed to such aspects as euthanasia, capital punishment, lawful killing of persons, abortion and self-defense among others (Norman 1964). Abortion has been associated with pro life and pro-choice issues. Pro-life issues indicate the importance of the fetus in development of human beings. They are already human. They campaign for keeping of pregnancy to full term. Pro-choice campaigners believe that the right to choose whether to keep the baby or not lies entirely on the mother. Abortion in many developing countries is illegal. Many developing countries on the other hand, have legalized abortion. Abortion covered under such topics as medical issues is acceptable to the society (Malcolm 1977). Mothers under the risk of dying together with their children covered under medical laws allow abortion. This protects the life of the mother. The question arises out of the need to keep the child, as well. Questions that arise include the need to maintain the pregnancy hoping that the child or the mother will not die in the process. Of contention also is the need to keep the child at the expense of the mother (John 2010). The paramount question lies in the importance of the mother over the life of the child. Such debates focus on the mother and the child in such a way that they try to distinguish which of the two lives is better than the other. Pro choice campaigners believe that fetuses are not human beings until they are born. They do not share the same rights as a human being (Rita 1998). Pro choice campaigners thus believe that a mother does not harm the fetus when she expels it from her body. She is not defying any rule of law. Pro-life campaigners believe that conception brings about a human being. This means that during the fetal stage, it is human, and expelling it would be expelling it. Lauren, P. G. (2011) The Evolution of International Human Rights: Visions Seen, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania. This book is widely acclaimed and the author, Lauren P.G., holds that the issue of human rights abuses throughout the world is not a new thing since it has continued to happen unabated for a long time. Lauren highlights several factors that led to the formation of UPR and HRC. He also looks at various materials that highlight the basis for the formation of the international criminal court and how it functions. Every scholar and learners with focus on international law and human rights would definitely find this reading a compelling piece. Lauren incorporates the works of various human rights figures, NGOs and even activists to reinforce her points and hence perfectly handles the issue of bias. Lauren gives her approach a global take. Finally, there is a general theme of discussions relating to â€Å"The Patriotic act† and how it influences human right to life among others. Lauren is loud on how human right to life has been abused in all areas. He vividly gives an account of euthanasia and how it has violated patient’s right to life. Euthanasia refers to mercy killing. It is the killing of individuals that are already on the verge of death and have no chances of survival. An example of this is in hospital situations where patients are on life support machines (Seamus et al 2000). Parents and kin may decide to have the doctors pull the plug on the life of the patient. This brings criticism from doctors on the hope that the patient will live. This may also happen on the other way where doctors request the parents and kin to pull the pin on the life of their relative. This may be because the doctors find no hope in the recovery of the patient at all. This presents a problem for some people want this to happen, and the others are against it. This is also critical in the debate on human rights in that the right to life is essential to human life. Pull ing out the machines on such an individual contravenes the very reason for protecting life. On the other hand, not pulling out the machines means that the family will suffer the consequences of high medical bills, family and social destruction. The patient will also continue suffering when in the medical equipment. The patient is on the brink of death. This also brings an issue of ethical dilemma where both allowing the death of the patient and not allowing it present two good and justifiable solutions to a problem. The right to life has been looked at from all corners one of which is the medical issue of euthanasia. There is a school of thought that has held that euthanasia, whether looked at from a religious standpoint, legally, morally and even philosophically, betrays the spirit and the letter of human right to life (Mark 2009). This has been centered on two forces pulling in different directions namely an individual’s right to choose to end his/her life with dignity and the other factor, which seeks to uphold the person’s right to life, which remains inherent under any circumstances. This debate has seen the introduction of various legislations like the ‘Rights of the terminally ill act 1995 (NT)† (Brian 2002). This act allowed the terminally ill to request the medical personnel to end their lives. This act did not work for long because after several reviews, the federal parliament amended several legislations that rendered it inoperative. According to the â€Å"Covenant on Civil and Political Rights† (ICCPR) Article 6(1), â€Å"Every human being has the inherent right to life. This right shall be protected by law. No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his life† (Jack 2003). It has however raised serious concerns about the scope and even the arbitrary ending of life. Utilitarian ethicists like Peter Singer, a philosopher, have argued that the right to life goes beyond just being members of the human species. Peter holds that the right to life is grounded on one’s ability to anticipate and therefore plan the future. Article 3 of â€Å"The Universal Declaration of Human Rights† holds that â€Å"Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person† (Jack, 2003). Mathew, P. (2008) Implications of US PATRIOT Act on Human Rights: Analysis Munich: GRIN Verlag. The US â€Å"Patriotic Act’ is the center of discussion in this piece by Mathew Phillip. He holds that because of the highly unconsultative nature of the way the draft was brought to being, it has seriously influenced negatively on freedoms and violations of pertinent human rights of citizens. In the entire piece, the reader gets the impression that Phillip is the right person to talk about human right abuses because of the manner he articulates his ideas. Mathew’s publication comes out as a strong voice against the hanging/murder of death raw convicts on grounds that it violates peoples’ right to life. Legal killing and capital punishment by hanging have been an issue for debate in many quotas (Austin 2002). Death has been the ultimate punishment for such mistakes as treason and killing of people. People stand trial and a jury decides punishment for such individuals. Many countries ascribe to the death penalty. Since time immemorial, many countries have used this method to discipline individuals. The question of whether to give the death penalty has been of concern. Everybody has a right to life. Giving such a punishment contravenes this rule. Not giving this ruling for individuals caught to have killed their fellow human beings brings in a problem as punishment is in an equal manner to his deeds. The question of who judges whom also is of concern. This presents an ethical dilemma to the world of human rights. Conclusion The issues outlined in the quest for the right to life such as abortion, euthanasia, legal killing and others present an ethical dilemma. An ethical dilemma refers to a situation where both options to solving a problem present solutions that are neither bad nor good. Both of them apply although they present certain inclinations that are undesirable. Such issues are hard to deal with. The right to life is paramount in that human beings have only one life to live. Campaigners for this right face problems when dealing with issues pertaining to ethical dilemmas. The application of the right to life is in line with the historical basis, the philosophies surrounding it, the nature and features related to human rights and the implementation of these rights. The right to life organization based in Australia addresses such issues as euthanasia, abortion, adoption and others that relate to the right to life. The campaign it has done about helping individuals realize the importance of children to society and providing options such as adoption of children and counseling qualify it to receive funding. Feel free to buy custom essays on Human Rights topics at professional essay writing company which provides students with custom essays, term papers and research papers written from scratch!